Remember the Champions - Original Writing :: Papers

Remember the Champions - Original Writing "Sit at the back," said the bus driver. He was white; being black I had to sit at the back. As I was walking down the aisle to the back seat, I stumbled, and with a loud thump, I fell flat on my face, and the passengers burst out laughing. I looked back and saw a white student's leg spread across the aisle. It was my first year in college, and it had already started like this. I helped myself up and sat in the back seat. "Don't worry they always do that, just don't pay any attention to them, and watch yourself, it's dangerous with all these whites." "Tom Robinson nice to meet you" "Will Houston" I said shaking hands with Tom. I told how this was my first in America, and that I was originally from Africa. On the way the whites sitting in the front kept insulting me and the others sitting at the back. I felt like going over there and hitting that guy, but Tom held me down. I then realized that none of us could do anything towards the whites and what they were saying because they were the majority. I felt really insulted by what they said; back in Africa none of that would have happened we were all black and we were all friends. We finally arrived, the college was huge - I had never seen anything like it before. It was enormous and it was filled with students, who were mostly white. School went on normally, expect for the insults I kept on hearing, and they called me 'nigger' for the first time. I really felt bad, but I couldn't do anything. School finally ended, and I went to the bus, this time I looked out for any obstacle in my way as I was walking to the back seat. When I arrived at my home, my father greeted me warmly and asked me how my first day was. I didn't want to worry my dad so I didn't tell him anything, but from the look

Charles Dickens & Oliver Twist Essay

Oliver is mistreated by the Sowerberrys and after having a fight with Noah Claypole he runs away to the dangerous place London, no place for young orphans like Oliver. It was a dangerous place because young orphans had no chance of surviving in the large city. A lot of intoxicated men and drug addicts were out in the open lose to do as they pleased, Oliver could have also got molested. On one of Jack Dawkins travels also known as the Artful Doger an employee of Fagin he caught his eye on Oliver. He takes Oliver to meet one of the worst characters Fagin. Fagin takes in children who are homeless and trains them to pick pocket for him in his den which has other young children living there including the Artful Doger. The Dodgers description is that â€Å"he had about him all the airs and manners of a man† this suggests that he was not allowed to be a child. He has had to grow up fast, because of what has happened to him in his life. He has been on the streets and had to learn how to survive, which has led to him becoming one of Fagin’s boys and making money from other peoples possessions. Fagin is a: criminal and corrupter of young children he teaches them to pick pock for him. The two main corrupt characters in the novel â€Å"Oliver Twist† are Fagin and Bill Sykes. Fagin’s Den isn’t a very clean place and with the area his den is based in, has a lot of thieves and prostitutes roaming around in. This is not a place for young boys it has sick, twisted minded people like Fagin who is a prime example. He corrupts young children and shows them that stealing possessions from others isn’t a crime. Fagin shows Oliver some tricks he uses to make money. Jack and another of Fagin’s boys demonstrates to Oliver how the job is done, they pretend to steal a handkerchief and spectacle case from Fagin’s pocket without him noticing. Fagin tells Oliver to, ‘Make ’em your models. ‘ Fagin wants Oliver to be just like the other boys he asks Oliver â€Å"You’d like to be able to make pocket-handkerchiefs as easy as Charley Bates, wouldn’t you, my dear? Not knowing the true meaning of what has been showed to him Oliver replies â€Å"very much indeed, if you’ll teach me sir† Dickens shows us the readers how innocent Oliver was and how corrupt he was too. Fagin tells Oliver his boys must be Oliver’s role models. Bill Sikes is introduced to Oliver and Oliver is sent to do a job with him. Oliver gets caught when trying to break in the house his then shoot and Bill leaves Oliver alone to defend for himself. This is not fair Oliver shouldn’t be treated like this for other peoples needs his treated like a slave. Bill Sikes is corrupt because he takes children to do his jobs for him; he uses and abuses them just like Nancy the prostitute. This is unfair because Oliver is being pushed about and should be treated with respect. Bill isn’t a committed person towards the boys, his selfish, and inconsiderate he was only out for himself. Bill is a violent man and a murderer he has no feelings for anyone. Oliver doesn’t become corrupted because he realizes what Fagin is doing is wrong and causes people to suffer have unbearable feelings. Corruption can happen to anyone especially if you’re young and naive. We learn in this book how unfair and corrupt the society was through Oliver because a young boy was submitted to torture and pain. Corruption is an evil and devious thing that causes abhorrence and misery. England showed this by vital laws being brought in the society, to make people aware of what they were doing was it right or wrong. People were treated as prisoners and they were prohibited to have healthy food and have a spectacular life. If they were filled with self-esteem they would want to carry on, be determined in life and enjoy it; in today’s society they would be very appreciative.

Computerized Sales and Inventory - 3365 Words

1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study Technology results computerization which has been a common part of our everyday needs in this world. Rapid advances in technology have helped to meet these demands of society. Computerization has been somehow revolutionized the modern world which ushered what we called the â€Å"Information Age†, where knowledge has become accessible and available to everyone. The proponents have witnessed its evolution, and even its enormous benefits. Due to this, its importance can no longer be denied. The modern age of computerization made it plausible on business and corporate organizations to keep up with the demands of their industries. At present, most businesses are equipped with the†¦show more content†¦Base from the conducted interview, the proponents have decided to embark on project named â€Å"Macabling Marketing and Construction Supply Computerized Sales and Inventory System† which can provide a faster transaction in the company and will help solve the company’s problems that concerns vital progress of the company and its employees. 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.2.1 General Problem How to design, develop, and implement a Computerized Sales and Inventory System which will improve the current system that will avoid loss of stocks, loss of customers and improve profitability for Macabling Marketing and Construction Supply? 1.2.2 Specific Problems †¢ How to create a module that will monitor and determine the availability of stocks? On the company’s current system, the salesclerk will go over the inventory logbook for determining the approximate number of available stocks. When a customer walks in at the store to inquire for an order or purchase an item, the salesclerk will have to check for an item by browsing the logbook and locate items on the warehouse to check product availability which takes much of time. The customer will have to wait until the verification is done. Also, there are times the customer waited but unfortunately his/her orders were unavailable. †¢ How to design a module that will control the under-stocking of theShow MoreRelatedComputerized Sales and Inventory System for Anthonys General Merchandise and Construction Supply3158 Words   |  13 Pagescompany, can you manage it properly? Organizing, finding a file, etc. With computers, it can help you simplify the process of storing and managing the files you need for future use and make finding files easier than the manual process. Computerized Sales and Inventory System is a product of human knowledge with a use of technology so why not use technology as an advantage and benefit ourselves. This proposed system aims to lighten works and solve the problems involving strict and complex recordingRead MoreEssay on Feasibility Report1189 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The purpose of this report is to determine whether it would be feasible for the Style Shop to add a computerized register to the store. The Merchandising Society is the largest club on F.I.T.’s campus. It provides the opportunity for its members to enhance their college experience at the Fashion Institute of Technology. Its members are dedicated to gaining exposure to the fashion industry first-hand through running a business, visiting companies worldwide,Read MoreEffects of Technology on the Accounting Profession1085 Words   |  5 Pages2006: Because IT now captures transactions, AISs can produce financial statements almost in real time. Of course, some of the adjustments that accountants must make to the records are not done minute-by-minute, but a business can certainly track sales and many of its expenses continually. (p. 15) Additionally, large amounts of accounting records are increasingly presented only in an electronic fashion. Companies are reporting their financial outcome quarterly and an increasing number of companiesRead MoreChapter 1 Inventory System1551 Words   |  7 PagesI INTRODUCTION An inventory system is basically a process whereby a business keeps track of the goods and material it has available. In its simplest sense it can be done manually by a count at the end of each day. In this way it is possible to keep a record of the goods coming in to the business and goods being sold. However this is only really appropriate for small businesses that do not have a lot of stock. For larger business it is more likely that a computerized system will be requiredRead MoreEspecially For You Jewelers. This Paper Will Discuss Various1558 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss various aspects of new direct sales and accounting system for Especially for You Jewelers (EFYJ). First, it will suggest at least five expected business benefits that the EFYJ Company might derive from a new system, and provide a rationale for these suggestions. Next, this paper will propose at least five system capabilities for the company, and provide a rationale for these proposals. Further, it will ascertain three possible scenarios in this new direct sales and accounting system. SubsequentlyRead MoreConsolidated Electric Case Study1102 Words   |  5 Pagesline items in inventory that are produced by over 200 manufacturers. Items are priced from under one cent to several hundred dollars. The top 2,000 items produce 50% of sales, the next 8,000 items account for 30% of sales while the final 10,000 create only 20% of sales. Consolidated Electric continuously purges products so that they carry only items that are ordered at least once a year so that the company can maintain a policy of â€Å"Good customer service at a reasonable cost.† Inventory managementRead MoreWallmart Resources and Capabilities1361 Words   |  6 PagesCode) infrastructure, the computerized system within stores and the satellite network that enabled almost real-time communication among the stores, the distribution centers and vendors. These technological resources can also be classified as equipment related resources. As a result of these resources, Wal-Mart had strengthened capabilities in financial management, purchasing, administration, inventory management, labor productivity and store management. The computerized system within the storesRead MoreSystem Analysis Design1289 Words   |  6 Pages[ B0300277 ] QUESTION 1 – ESPECIALLY FOR YOU JEWELERS 1.1 EXPECTED BUSINESS BENEFITS OF PROPOSED SYSTEM Q2, Pg 106 1. Savings in Costs a. Time and Opportunity Cost - A computerized system has a high system performance of database consolidation and update, efficient sorting and searching of records, accurate inventory and financial calculations, secured instant access to up-to-date data for alteration by authorised personnel only (prevent data redundancy and error). b. Cost of Labour - ARead MoreImpact of Computerized Accounting to Inventory Management1894 Words   |  8 Pagesto maintain optimum inventory to be able to meet its requirements and avoid over or under inventory that can have an impact on the financial figures. Because inventory is always dynamic, its management requires constant and careful evaluations of external and internal factors and control through planning and review. Inventory management is a very important function that determines the health of the supply chain as well as the impacts on the balance sheet. Effective inventory management is all aboutRead MoreComputer Information System Brief1518 Words   |  7 Pagesis a local chain of gourmet food stores with annual sales of more than 10M offering specialized products to targeted customers. The company has three locations in the San Diego metropolitan area (La Jolla, Del Mar and Encinitas) and plans to add more stores soon (Kudler Fine Foods, 2008). As a typical mid-size food retailer KFF has following key accounting information system needs: †¢ Inventory management and optimization †¢ Customer and sales management †¢ Revenue management (including bank reconciliations

Shelby Meyer. Mrs.Cour. Composition. 8 May 2017. Axis Powers.

Shelby Meyer Mrs.cour Composition 8 May 2017 Axis Powers The Axis Powers were a group of countries during WWII (world war two). The powers were comprised of Germany, Italy, and Japan. They wanted to take over the world. They fought against the Allied Powers, which were basically the rest of the world, and they almost won. How? I m about to tell you! A big part of why they got so far was their leaders.Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Hideki tojo These men knew how to get what they wanted. They spoke in a way to grab people s attention and make them listen. Together they were able to lead their individual countries, and be a powerful force. Hitler is the main person that people talk about. He lead germany and orchestrated the†¦show more content†¦Before he could he was caught by Italian Partisans and shot on the spot. So we know who lead the powers. How did these people get together? What did they have in common? They needed each other to build their power. So the process of forming the powers began. First the Rome-Berlin Axis began. This was between Germany and Italy. Another name for this axis was the Treaty of Friendship. This was on November 1st 1936. Later that month on the 25th NAZI Germany and Imperial Japan made a pact. The Anti-Comintern Pact was directed a the Soviet Union. The next year on June 37th Italy joined. Then Italy and Germany made another pact. The Pact of Steel which officially began the Axis Powers. And then on August 27th 1937 all three signed the last big treaty, the Tripartite Pact. The reason that they thought to work together was because they had so much in common and they all needed friends and were lonely. They all wanted territorial expansion and to make empires. They wanted to do this mainly by military conquest because that is the main way you do that. Also they wanted overthrow the post wwI (world war one) international order. All three of the countries did their part in taking over the world. Germany mainly focused on Europe seeing as they are in the middle of Europe. Italy took the Mediterranean Sea. Both the water and land in the area. Japan went for East Asia and the Pacific. A lot of conflict actualy happend befor the Tripartite Pact. For some examples

The Health Care Organization Essay - 1621 Words

The health care organization is governmental organization in UAE it policy to provide comprehensive health care for all citizens and residents. This can be achieved through its preventive and curative health services through a network at all levels, which includes primary health care, secondary health care and clinical care. Mission of governmental organization To Enhance the health of individuals and societies in UAE through the provision of comprehensive and excellent health services, in a healthy and sustainable environment, through implementing policies, legislations, programs and elective partnerships locally and internationally. Drug control department is under management of medical district, which employing about 96 people. Drug control department Is concerned with the inspection of Private (Community) Pharmacies, Drug Stores, make sure that they are running according to the related regulations, licensing procedure: Renewing and licensing new licenses for Pharmacists, assistan ts and pharmaceutical establishments. Please refer to appendix A which presents Structure of organization 2. Describe the change you hope to implement. What is the current situation? What is the desired situation? How are you going to achieve it? The current inspection procedures for drugstore is the inspector will record evidence gather during an inspection using report template. At the end of the inspection heshe will go through their finding with the in-charge pharmacist in drug store, whoShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Organizations771 Words   |  4 PagesReporting Practices and Ethics Paper HCS405 Within today’s health care finance plans financial management is one of the most important aspects. There are numerous financial decisions that are handled from day to day in reference to accounting records and the business transactions that occur within the organization. The organizations fiscal objectives tackle these decisions. A concern that may arise is the integrity of the health care organization’s financial management department and the accuracyRead MoreHealth Care Organization1601 Words   |  7 Pagesattention (American Hospital Association, 2014). The 5,000 hospitals are broken down into for-profit, not-for-profit, and governmental organizations. All of the hospitals have the common goal of quality care for patients but have a different financial structure. For-profit, nor-for-profit, and governmental agencies are the types of organizations that make up the health care system. For-profit hospitals make up a little over a 1,000 of the community hospitals around the United States (American HospitalRead MoreThe Health Care Facilities And Organizations890 Words   |  4 Pages The health care facilities and organizations are owned and operated by largely private sector businesses. These health care facilities and organizations are managed by health care managers such as administrators and executives who play important roles to make sure the facilities and organizations are free of fraud, strong business objectives and policies, and a strong financial operational and medical operation. Like any other company, the health care organizations face with health care fraud andRead MoreHealth Care Organizations ( Acos )1246 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, the unsustainable growth in health care spending is one of the greatest crises facing this country. Health care spending is projected to increase from 17.4 percent of gross domestic project (GDP) in 2013 to 19.6 percent in 2024 (Keehan et al. 1407). Health care expenditures are the third highest government outlays besides defense and Social Security expenses. The uncontrolled rise in health care spendi ng burdens families and businesses and affects financial stability of theRead MoreHealth Care Organizations Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesSuggest the key financial drivers that most likely will cause health care organizations to merge. Provide support for your rationale. Cost is the driver that will most likely cause healthcare organizations to merge. Most healthcare organizations have issues with spending. Most industries today are faced with a variety of obstacles in achieving or remaining profitable. The healthcare industry is no exception. Profitability is enough of a challenge under normal circumstances, but especially so duringRead MoreHealth Care Organization Analysis771 Words   |  4 Pageshealthcare organizations cooperate a combination of technology and training to accomplish their healthcare guidelines and policies with procedures. Technology solutions turn into serious enablers to smooth this method. This approach can aid in offering a structured outline for informing, approving, and collaborating to the establishment, as well as, safeguarding that older guidelines are accurately filed and not scattered in a manner that can result in a patient not receiving proper care within a properRead MoreMarketing For Health Care Organizations756 W ords   |  4 PagesTo be honest, the first time I heard that I had to take a class on Marketing for Health Care Organizations I was quite confused, but also intrigued. When I thought of marketing, I thought of businesses, movies, clothing, perfume, electronics etc. I never connected marketing with health care until I read the first chapter of the book. In fact, I realized marketing is extremely important in the healthcare world, therefore, I should have known all about this because I work for a doctor. It never occurredRead MoreHealth Care System : An Organization1201 Words   |  5 Pagesindividual maintains his/her health, the longer one is able to live. To do so, the health care industry plays a monumental role in every aspect of an individual being able to maintain one’s wellbeing. Looking at the words singly; health refers to the absence of disease, while care is the attention and treatment given to the breakdown of any body system due to sickness. On that note, a health care system can be defined. According to Health Care USA (2014), a health care system refers to â€Å"the completeRead MoreAn Effective Health Care Organization1402 Words   |  6 Pages There are different avenues an effective health care organization can improve their HRM department within that specific health care organization. One of the main roles of a HR management is the hiring and selection process of a new employees. These trends for the community in the health care organization needs to be examine. There has to be a way for a strategic planning for the HR department to become a partner in their perspective organization. This means there should be ways to develop relationshipsRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Health Care Organization1307 Words   |  6 Pageseverywhere around the world hence diversity in the health care is a crucial factor in terms of patient-centered care. All the health care organization need to develop specific program to increa se awareness regarding variety of cultures, cultural issues and provide provision of services oriented to patient’s culture such as food and clothes based on patients preferences, which not only improves the quality of care but also minimizes the health care disparities among ethnic and racial minorities (Jhutti-

Accounting Theory and Current Issue PAT

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Theory and Current Issuefor PAT. Answer: Introduction The main topic of this paper is to analyze positive approach in the field of accounting research. The critique is mainly intended to critically analyze the selected article namely Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research in systematically for exploring areas of strengths and limitations. The key arguments of this paper are related to the way of conducting accounting research by using the positive approach. In this critique paper, the arguments are presented for the practice of Positive accounting theory (PAT) in the systematic manner. The paper includes article summary, research question, framework based on theories, articles importance and limitations and summary to examine the arguments of the selected article effectively. Summary of the Article In the selected article, researcher examined the positive approach to conduct accounting research. In this, positive accounting research is explained as one of the key academic branch of a scientific research in which explanation over the cause and effect relationships is significant. The researcher seeks to determine the importance and limitations of PAT based on the conducted academic projects. Ontology and epistemology perspectives of the accounting research programs including positive approach is also analyzed in this paper to access the deficiencies of accounting research practice in against to the actual accounting needs. In this, positive accounting research programs are considered as way to explain and causes of particular human behavior in the real-world accounting settings (Dunmore, 2010). For example: firms reactions towards newly proposed accounting standards and law and the basis of selecting accosting policies. A range of accounting and auditing literature is reviewed in this article to understand key problems with the ways and methods of performing accounting research actually. Its consequences in terms of developing wide and accurate research project are also determined. This article includes analysis over some aspects of positive amounting research including the model of developing theoretical models and the logic of hypothesis testing for critically analyzing the difference between the predictable and actual performance of positive approach in the accounting field (Dunmore, 2010). Kuhn view of normal science is advocated to improve positive accounting research due its ability to allow researcher to make scientific study. The current positive approach is indicated ineffective in terms of examining a perspective on scientific basis. Normal science defines standards to find solution of a problem, which focuses on collecting detail regarding a theory without creating questions for the previous assumptions. By considering the perspective of normal science, positive accounting research can be performed more effectively (Bar-Am, 2014). Research Questions or hypotheses In the selected article, there are no clearly defined hypotheses, but at the same time, it is indicated that overall discussion is based on the four hypothesis of scientific research project. The first hypotheses of scientific research program are existence of world beyond the imagination and control in which events cannot be controlled by the human. The causes of such events are the part of this world and it is because, it is not a creation of the outer world. The causes of events can be understood by human by making careful examination (Dunmore, 2010). Due to this, complete disconnection to the world is critical to make right observation for an event. The main intention of using observation is to understand world and the causes of its events to conduct intellectual enquiry with the application of mental models. The researcher in this article seeks only to determine the willingness of suspending ones critical aspect and to sacrifice logic. In scientific enquiry, it is generally assu med that events in this world are caused by the non-worldly things. But, there is still a disagreement regarding the role of human in the events. Human behavior is critically explained in accounting setting is discussed in this research. The main question of this research is to determine the way scientific research program or positive approach is applied in the field of accounting for determining insufficiencies, which are responsible for limiting the ability to conduct a highly scientific enquiry (Dunmore, 2010). The reasons of ineffectiveness of positive research in accounting field are determined. The above questions and perspectives of the selected article are critical to examine the process of knowledge development in the scientific enquiry of accounting field. This would be useful to determine the deficiencies of positive accosting research and to bring improved changes. It may help to improve the quality of conclusions are made in the research regarding different accounting standards and principles (Fink, 2013). The results of this research are likely to increase reliability and relevancy of the accounting research. The value of the developed research questions is flowed from the included literature reviews as in this range of accounting and auditing literature is used to quote different examples of scientific ontology and epistemology in positive accounting research. The literature of this article is effective to provide sufficient evidences of testing theories, models and conceptual framework of accounting research based on the positive approach. The literature also provides theoretical bases to explain the existing processes and methods in the positive research accounting to consider the inclusion of scientific approach (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). Thus, the literature firstly analyzes the application of positive research in accounting field and then provides suggestions to conduct more scientific study in accounting field with the use of positive approach. Theoretical Framework The theoretical viewpoints of past studies are included in this article to develop a theoretical framework to analyze the implementation of positive approach in the field of accounting. The key theoretical perspective of this research is PAT, which seeks to predict the choices and reactions of accountants for the accounting principles and standards across differing firms. It mainly concerned with the accountants behavior in the accounting settings of a firm. This theory argues that firms organize and present them efficiently through the use of accounting principles and standards (Van Mourik Walton, 2013). It is indicated that accounting phenomena is a result of rational self-interest of the parties, which are interacted in the organizations through express or implied contracts. PAT theory includes the analysis of real events of accounting field to develop predictions regarding the thinking process behind the dveloplement of financial reporting for accounting transactions. The adoption of PAT in real organization mainly requires elimination of self-interested human behavior as it could lead to the more reliability, relevancy, understandability and comparability in the financial reporting of an organization (Chambers Dean, 2013). Karl Poppers theory of falsifiability is also a key element of the theoretical framework of the selected article. On the basis of this theory, scientific evaluation positive approach of accounting is performed. The criterion of falsifiability is applied in this article to examine whether it is possible to establish the falsifiability in principle within the positive accounting research. In accordance to falsifiability criterion, a theory can only be scientific if its falsifiability can be established in terms of principles (Kaldis, 2013). By using this theoretical perspective, the scientific nature of the positive accounting research is examined. The explanation of a theory in the measurable manner is critical to make it scientific as outer and inner aspects have potential to influence the observation and knowledge on which basis scientific principles and standards are developed. This indicates that personal experiences and biasness can influence the prediction and examination of fir ms choices for accounting standards and reactions over the newly proposed accounting standards. The influence of experiences on the personality and behavior is also indicated through the inclusion of causal theory of human behavior (Duncan, 2011). Learning plays a mediating role in developing behavior and personality on the basis of experiences. Apart from this, the concept of audit-fee is also used to develop theoretical perspective in this article in which it is indicated that fee of auditors is closely related with complexity and quality of auditing (Jalilvand Malliaris, 2013). Kuhns normal science theory is also a key theoretical element of this article. By including principles and assumptions, this theory is explained and discussed. This theory indicates the importance of common paradigm to ensure the presence of scientific nature in a theory. The theory of normal science considers the problem-solving nature of science and thus the success of each theory is not critical (Bar-Am, 2014). Normal science theory encourages researcher to conduct in-depth study and to adopt puzzle-solving approach to conduct a scientific enquiry. Due to this, theory of normal science is regarded as an important way to determine limitations of positive accounting research. On the basis of Kuhns normal science theory, the researcher has detaile d the insufficiencies in the implementation of positive approach in the accounting research and practice (Kuhn, 2012). The Significance and Limitations of the Article By reviewing the selected article, some significances and limitations of the article are also identified. Data collection method of this article is the key strength of this article as due to this range of diverse opinions and views regarding the application of positive accounting research is included in the article. This allowed researcher to justify the favorable and unfavorable arguments for the application of positive approach in the accounting research, which contributes in increasing the significance of this articles content and knowledge. The inclusion of existing literature from the accounting and auditing discipline enabled researcher to develop relevant theoretical framework for the study by considering different concepts and theories (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). This method of data collection facilitated a good approach to answer the research question properly and carefully. The framework of this study is also one of the key strengths of this article as it provided a way to answer the developed research question in the systematic manner and to generate the relevant findings. The structures feature of gradual assessment of the relevant theories and arguments related to the research question enabled researchers to understand the limitations of positive approach in the particle accounting research. The assessment of different theories and identified limitations of positive accounting research is followed by informed recommendations and conclusion, which also enhances value of this articles content to improve the application of positive approach in the accounting field. Ontology and epistemology perspectives of positive research is also examined the on the basis of theoretical framework. However, the more emphasis on the theories makes this researchs outcomes less practical. The practicability aspect of this article is less strong, which may affect its significance. Apart from this, there are several theories are used in this article to justify and present the arguments regarding the positive accounting research (Dunmore, 2010). This article lacks consideration over the limitations of theories, which may affect the relevancy and reliability of the presented arguments regarding positive accounting research. At the end of the research, some recommendations are provided to apply the positive approach in accounting research effectively. The suggestions also emphasizes on theories rather than practicability. The included theories are discussed effectively to indicate the areas of weaknesses and required improvements in the current approach of implementing positive approach in the accounting field. This article does not highlight the ways to which suggested methods can be applied in positive accounting research (Dunmore, 2010). It makes the results of this study less useful for the users, which limits value of this article for addressing the limitations of positive accounting research. Conclusions On the basis of above discussed article, it can be stated that developed and presented critiques in this article is quite useful to understand the positive accounting research in context of the real settings. This article includes meaningful discussion over the related concepts and theories. Several theories such as PAT, Poppers falsification, normal science and causal human behavior theories are presented and discussed in this to analyze positive research in the accounting field. The deficiencies in the construction of theoretical models, hypothesiss testing models, inclusion of quantitative aspects and analysis of qualitative data is determined in this article, which affect application of PAT in practical research. However, lack of viability is determined in the methodology that has potential to affect the researchs outcomes. References Bar-Am, N. (2014). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 50th. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 44(5), 688-701. Chambers, R. J., Dean, G. W. (2013). Chambers on Accounting: Logic, Law and Ethics (Vol. 6). UK: Routledge. Cottrell, R. R., McKenzie, J. F. (2011). Health promotion and education research methods: Using the five-chapter thesis/dissertation model. USA: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Duncan, S. M. (2011). How Free Will Works: A Dualist Theory of Human Action. USA: Wipf and Stock Publishers. Dunmore, P.V. (2010). Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Retrieved From: https://www.massey.ac.nz/~pvdunmor/HalfaDefence.pdf Fink, A. (2013). Conducting research literature reviews: From the Internet to paper. USA: Sage Publications. Jalilvand, A., Malliaris, T. (Eds.). (2013). Risk management and corporate governance. UK: Routledge. Kaldis, B. (2013). Encyclopedia of philosophy and the social sciences (Vol. 1). USA: SAGE. Kuhn, T.S. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition. UK: University of Chicago Press. Van Mourik, C., Walton, P. (2013). The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation. UK: Routledge.

Food History of India

Question: Discuss about theFood History of India. Answer: Introduction Indian cuisine consists of a variety of traditional and modern dishes exclusively prepared in different local and urban areas of India. Depending on the culture, population type, climate and employment, the dishes vary with change in region (Fieldhouse 2013, p. 75). Religious choices also affect pattern in Indian cooking and the Indian cuisine is also influenced by Middle Eastern culture after the advent of Mughal rule. The history of the Indian biryani is also linked to the Mughal era. The purpose of the report is to provide the history of origin of the Indian food, meat biryani. It traces the diversity of Indian cuisine by observing the different recipes of the dish. It will help in analyzing the regional variation of the recipes and find common ingredients which are mainly used in preparing biryani in India. The main objective is to trace the history of each ingredients used while cooking the dish and the report discusses the cultural influences on the dish. History of Meat Biryani Biryani is a popular dish among the Indian subcontinent consisting of rich spices, meat and rice. Although it is regarded as a dish native to India, however the dish came to India after the Muslims invasion into India. The word Biryani itself is derived from Persian word called Birian. The Islamic Persians have also popularized the dish and inspired Indian people to include it in their cuisine. There is great controversy and argument regarding the history of the dish. Indian biryani is mostly regarded as a Mughlai cuisine as it was first cooked in the Mughal royal kitchen. After Muslims invasion into India such as coming of Afghans, Turks, Mughal and Persians, they indulged in rich foods and brought many dishes to India. The Mughals are regarded as the one who introduced biryani in India (Narayanan, 2015). However Paddock (2015, pp. 22-40) also argues that similar type of dish was present in India before the Mughals came to India. For example a rice dish called Oon Soru was regarded as similar to biryani as it also has similar ingredients like rice, meat, pepper and bay leaf. This dish was prepared for military warriors in the year 2 A.D. Famous historian Al-Beruni has also mentioned in his accounts description of dishes that are similar to the biryani. The history of biryani is also traced to the time of Turk-Mongol conqueror, Timur who brought a dish similar to the biryani in 1398. The dish was prepared specially for his army preparing for war. A mixture of rice, meat and spices were cooked in earthen pot after burying it in a hot pit. After it was cooked properly, the preparation was dug up and served to the soldiers. Historical stories also trace the origin of the dish to Shah Jahans queen, Mumtaz Mahals time during the year 1593-1631. The story goes that the queen once found the army soldiers under-nourished, and hence she ordered her chef to prepare a well-nourished dish. In this way, the biryani came into being (Ahmed 2012, pp. 95-103). The Nawabs and Diwans were also renowned for understanding the nuances of flavours and aromas of biryani. Their chefs prepared the biryani according to the Nawabs preference of dishes and it lead to popularization of biryani along with other delicacies like the mirchi ka salan and kawab. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was the reason behind the creation of unique style of Calcutta biryani and it happened after the Nawab was deposed by British to Kolkata. The Nawabs ruling in small territories of Northern India also contributed to the introduction of regional style of Biryanis like Hyderabadi Biryani and the Arcot biryani (ALAM 2015). Different Recipes of the Dish India has a variety of dishes in its culinary list, however people mostly love to to indulge in biryani. With different states and different locations, the dish has evolved over the years and it is made in distinct styles according to food culture of different states. The strength of the biryani lies in its balance of spices and aromas to give a delicious dish which is a symbol of a strong Indian cuisine. The list of different recipes for biryani includes the following: Hyderabadi Biryani- This Biryani available in the streets of Hyderabad has its own authentic flavour and style of cooking. Hyderabadi Biryani came into origin during the governance of Asaf Jah I who was the governor of Deccan during Aurangebs rule. It is made with chicken or goats meat where the marinated with huge spices like and cooked with rice on slow fire to get an aromatic flavour (Anand 2012). Kolkata biryani- This biryani is inspired by the Lucknow style of cooking biryani. When the last Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah was in exile in Kolkata in 1856, his personal chef cooked this dish for him. The distinction between Hyderabadi and Kolkata biryani is that Kolkatas biryani also has an additional ingredient of potatoes. Initially, poor people who could not afford meat cooked the biryani with potatoes instead of meat, however potato later became a speciality for biryani of Kolkata. The primary spices include cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and cardamom mixed in yoghurt based preparation for meat. The rice is cooked separately with saffron aromas and the meat is added later after the rice is cooked which gives it a distinct local flavor ("Ten Delicious And Different Styles Of Indian Biryani" 2016). Awadhi biryani- Awadhi biryani is the native style of making biryani in Lucknow. The cooking style in this region is influenced by the Mughal cooking techniques and cooking pattern of Middle East and Central Asia. The cooks of this region introduced the dum style of cooking biryani which involves cooking meat and rice over a slow fire for one hour. The parboiled rice is cooked in water containing cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves and other spices is layered with cooked meat curry and then cooked according to dum style of cooking to make the dish complete ("Ten Delicious And Different Styles Of Indian Biryani" 2016). Malabar Biryani- The Malabar biryani is a distinct South Indian version of biryani cooked in Kerala. It is mostly consumed by muslim community of Malabar region. The specialty of this biryani is selection of a type of rice called Khyma and other key ingredients include chicken and spices like raisin, cloves, cinnamon, tomato, ginger, garlic, tomato, shallot and onions. In this regions also, the dum style is applied for cooking the biryani (Mangalassary 2016, pp. 119-134). Dindigul Biryani- Another specialized version of South Indian biryani came from the town of Dindigul in Tamil Nadu. It has its unique tangy taste due to the addition of curd and lemon juice in the preparation. In some regions, extra flavour is also given by adding a lot of tomatoes in the biryani (Mangalassary 2016, pp. 119-134). Common Ingredients in Biryani and History of Each Ingredients The delicious biryani results after a balance of ingredients and spices are cooked according a specific cooking technique. The most traditional method is the dum pukht style of cooking biryani and the steam works to tenderize the meat and add flavors to the rice. Apart from main ingredient of meat or chickens, a good flavored biryani is dished out after combining it with Indian spices. The list of ingredient differs according to different culture and geographical locations. The common ingredients in almost all biryani include cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg and mace to add aromas and other spices for flavors like ginger, garlic, mint leaves, coriander leaves and bay leaves (Pandey 2015). Cardamom is a spice which is used both in sweet and savory dishes and its origin is traced to India, Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Finland. The cardamom seeds give a strong flavor to the dish and the flavor blends perfectly with ingredients like meats in biryani. The spice also complements well with other spices like ginger, pepper, cinnamon, saffron and cloves. Historical accounts of ancient medicines by Charaka also mentions about the spices. Kerala was the key trader of cardamom spices who sold it to merchants and exported them in foreign markets (Kodali et al. 2015, pp. 1173-1177) The use of cinnamon is traced back to 2000 B.C. when Egyptians used it for embalming. Arab traders also popularized its use and the use of this expensive spice was regarded as a status symbol in Europe. It was also used to preserve meat during winter months. Many traders started exploring the actual sources of the spice and the Portuguese traders claimed they discovered the spice in Ceylon around 1518. While the Cassia cinnamon has a strong flavor, the Ceylon Cinnamon has a mild flavour best for baking cakes (Jansen 2015). The nutmeg is useful for its medicinal properties. It is evident from the writings of Pliny when the spice was used in the 1st century and Indian historical writings recommend it is useful to cure fever and headaches. In the ancient times, the spice was very expensive and not affordable by all, however now it is widely used in Indian cuisine (Queenborough et al. 2013, pp. 67-78). Mace is crimson colored spice giving a delicate flavor to dishes. It is generally added first while cooking too develop its flavor and that is why it is added in the biryani rice while the rice is boiling to give it a flavor. Mace is derived from nutmeg and Roman author Pliny first mentions about the spice by stating it a tree bearing nuts with flavors. Arabs merchants also sold this spices to Constantinople and the spice finally came to India when the British East India Company came to India (Queenborough et al. 2013, pp. 67-78). The clove is the spice native to the Malucca Islands and it was once a treasured possession for the Romans. The Chinese used it to avoid bad breath. The Dutch who found the spice in 1605 wanted to monopoly on clove trade by destroying all trees which sprouted in areas which were not under their rule. This practice was strongly opposed as traditionally the tree was planted on the birth of a child and destroying the tree was regarded as destruction for that child too (Kadir 2014). Authenticity and Debate on Indian Origin of the Dish The historical analysis of the history of origin of biryani reveals that although it is regarded as a culinary dish indigenous to India, however biryani came to India mainly by the Muslim invaders who entered India. Similar kind of dish was also reported to made before the Mughal rule, however it cannot be denied that the Indian biryani is inspired the specific taste and flavour of Persian and Mughal rulers. Influence of Different Culture in the Cooking Styles and Ingredient Used for Biryani From the detailed analysis of the history of origin of biryani in India and the diverse recipes of cooking biryani, one can interpret each regions cooking style and choice of ingredient is dependent on the culture of that region. While Timur brought the dish to India and was inspired by Persian style of cooking, Mumtaz Mahals story revealed that the dish was invented in the quest of providing a balanced meal to feed under-nourished army. The history of meat biryani is also traced to West Asia when a pot full of meat, rice and spices was cooked inside a pit. After the transition of the dish from one place to another, the influence of different culture has led to the evolution of different versions of Biryani (Kumari and Jagbir 2015). Among the vast recipes of Biryani currently available in India, this section discusses few of them to determine the influence of different culture on the dish. The Kashmiri biryani is influenced by the mixture of culture of Kashmiri pundits and the Afghan and the Persian culture. The Kashmiri biryani initially named as Kashmiri Katche Gosht ki Biryani was cooked in Kashmir after Mughal emperors frequently visited the state. Kashmiris add a lot of asfoetida in their Biryani as this ingredient is widely available in Kashmir (Mangalassary 2016, pp. 119-134). The Awadhi Biryani was influenced by Mughal culture as when Mughal rulers ruled in Awadh between 1800 to 1900. This Biryani is most popular in North India due to its efficient blend of all flavors and spices. The use of potatoes especially in Kolkata is also influenced by geographical location and culture and potatoes were added in biryanis as poor people could not afford meat. However, the skinned potatoes in biryani became widely accepted by people and it gave a new flavour to the stock. In the same way, the Hyderabadi biryani was influenced by Nizams and Nawab and their culture reflects in the cooking style of Hyderabadi biryani too (Sinha 2015, pp. 56-70). Conclusion Hence the investigation into tracing the history of meat biryani reveals that ioodzt has been included in Indian cuisine inspired by Mughal and Persian culture. The Mughal rulers and Nawab had understood the nuances and flavour of the dish and ordered their chefs to dish out biryanis in India. Analysis of different recipes of biryani reveal that the cooking style and use of ingredients is highly influenced by local cultures and culinary preference of the local residents in the area. Reference Ahmed, Imtiaz. 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